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Theories and practices
Three main theoretical schools or philosophical frameworks have
been present in the educational technology literature. These are
Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism. Each of these
schools of thought are still present in today's literature but
have evolved as the Psychology literature has evolved.
Behaviorism
This theoretical framework was developed in the early 20th
century with the animal learning experiments of Ivan Pavlov,
Edward Thorndike, Edward C. Tolman, Clark L. Hull, B.F. Skinner
and many others. Many Psychologists used these theories to
describe and experiment with human learning. While still very
useful this philosophy of learning has lost favor with many
educators.
Skinner's Contributions
B.F. Skinner wrote extensively on improvements of teaching based
on his functional analysis of Verbal Behavior, and wrote "The
Technology of Teaching", an attempt to dispel the myths
underlying contemporary education, as well as promote his system
he called programmed instruction. Ogden Lindsley also developed
the Celeration learning system similarly based on behavior
analysis but quite different from Keller's and Skinner's models.
Cognitivism
Cognitive science has changed how educators view learning. Since
the very early beginning of the Cognitive Revolution of the
1960s and 1970s, learning theory has undergone a great deal of
change. Much of the empirical framework of Behaviorism was
retained even though a new paradigm had begun. Cognitive
theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning.
Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote
learning.
After memory theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model
and Baddeley's Working memory model were established as a
theoretical framework in Cognitive Psychology, new cognitive
frameworks of learning began to emerge during the 1970s, 80s,
and 90s. It is important to note that Computer Science and
Information Technology have had a major influence on Cognitive
Science theory. The Cognitive concepts of working memory
(formerly known as short term memory) and long term memory have
been facilitated by research and technology from the field of
Computer Science. Another major influence on the field of
Cognitive Science is Noam Chomsky. Today researchers are
concentrating on topics like Cognitive load and Information
Processing Theory.
Constructivism
Constructivism is a learning theory or educational philosophy
that many educators began to consider in the 1990s. One of the
primary tenets of this philosophy is that learners construct
their own meaning from new information, as they interact with
reality or others with different perspectives.
Instructional technique and technologies
Problem Based Learning and Inquiry-based learning are active
learning educational technologies used to facilitate learning.
Technology which includes physical and process applied science
can be incorporated into project, problem, inquiry-based
learning as they all have a similar educational philosophy. All
three are student centered, ideally involving real-world
scenarios in which students are actively engaged in critical
thinking activities. The process that students are encouraged to
employ (as long as it is based on empirical research) is
considered to be a technology. Classic examples of technologies
used by teachers and Educational Technologists include Bloom's
Taxonomy and Instructional Design.
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